planner: fix incorrectly using the schema for plan cache (#57964)

[ti-chi-bot]

This is an automated cherry-pick of #57964

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #56733

Problem Summary:
If the table ID is changed for a given table name, the plan cache key is not updated.
For an insert statement, it may use the outdated schema, resulting in incorrect data or query results.

What changed and how does it work?

Make sure the tbl is updated in function planCachePreprocess() if tableByID doesn't return the table info.

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Integration test
• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
• No need to test

  • I checked and no code files have been changed.

Side effects

• Performance regression: Consumes more CPU
• Performance regression: Consumes more Memory
• Breaking backward compatibility

Documentation

• Affects user behaviors
• Contains syntax changes
• Contains variable changes
• Contains experimental features
• Changes MySQL compatibility

Release note

Please refer to Release Notes Language Style Guide to write a quality release note.

fix incorrectly using the schema for plan cache

[ti-chi-bot]

This cherry pick PR is for a release branch and has not yet been approved by triage owners.
Adding the do-not-merge/cherry-pick-not-approved label.

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[ti-chi-bot]

@ti-chi-bot: The following tests failed, say /retest to rerun all failed tests or /retest-required to rerun all mandatory failed tests:

Test name	Commit	Details	Required	Rerun command
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/build	be0ea47	link	true	/test build
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/check_dev_2	be0ea47	link	true	/test check-dev2
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/mysql-test	be0ea47	link	true	/test mysql-test
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/check_dev	be0ea47	link	true	/test check-dev
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/unit-test	be0ea47	link	true	/test unit-test

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